Teorie: timpurile verbale

Forma, când se folosește fiecare timp și cuvintele care te ajută să-l recunoști.

Present Simple prezentul simplu

Afirmativ	I / you / we / they work · he / she / it works
Negativ	I don't work · he doesn't work
Interogativ	Do you work? · Does he work?

Când îl folosim

Obiceiuri și rutineI get up at 7 every day.
Adevăruri generale, legi ale naturiiWater boils at 100°C.
Orare și programeThe train leaves at 7:15.
Verbe de stare (know, like, want, understand)I know the answer.

Cuvinte-cheie

alwaysusuallyoftensometimesneverevery dayon Mondaysonce a weekHow often...?

La he / she / it adaugi -s sau -es (works, watches, studies). În negativ și la întrebări, -s „trece” pe does: She doesn't work. Does she work?

Past Simple trecutul simplu

Exersează

Afirmativ	I worked · I went (verbe neregulate: forma a II-a)
Negativ	I didn't work · I didn't go
Interogativ	Did you work? · Did you go?

Când îl folosim

Acțiuni terminate la un moment precis din trecutWe visited Sibiu last summer.
Acțiuni succesive într-o povesteHe opened the door and turned on the light.
Obiceiuri din trecutI walked to school every day when I was little.
Întrebări cu When?When did you arrive?

Cuvinte-cheie

yesterdaylast weeklast yeartwo days agoin 2015when I was a childthen

După did / didn't verbul revine la forma de bază: I didn't go (nu didn't went). Did you see? (nu Did you saw?)

Present Continuous prezentul continuu

Exersează

Afirmativ	I am working · he is working · we are working
Negativ	I'm not working · he isn't working · they aren't working
Interogativ	Are you working? · Is she working?

Când îl folosim

Acțiuni în desfășurare acumBe quiet! The baby is sleeping.
Situații temporareHe is staying with us this week.
Planuri aranjate pentru viitorul apropiatWe are meeting at 5 tomorrow.
Obiceiuri enervante (cu always)He is always losing his keys!
Schimbări în desfășurareThe climate is changing.

Cuvinte-cheie

nowright nowat the momentLook!Listen!todaythis weekthese days

Verbele de stare (know, like, love, want, need, understand, believe, belong) nu se folosesc de obicei la continuous: I know, nu I'm knowing.

Past Continuous trecutul continuu

Exersează

Afirmativ	I / he / she / it was working · we / you / they were working
Negativ	I wasn't working · they weren't working
Interogativ	Was she working? · Were you working?

Când îl folosim

Acțiune în desfășurare la un moment din trecutAt 8 p.m. yesterday I was watching a film.
Acțiune lungă întreruptă de una scurtă (Past Simple)I was cooking when the phone rang.
Două acțiuni care se petreceau în paralelI was reading while he was playing.
Descrierea fundalului într-o povesteThe sun was shining and the birds were singing.

Cuvinte-cheie

whilewhenat 8 o'clock yesterdayall eveningat that moment

Acțiunea lungă (fundalul) → Past Continuous. Acțiunea scurtă care o întrerupe → Past Simple.

Present Perfect Simple prezentul perfect simplu

Exersează

Afirmativ	I have worked · she has gone (have / has + participiul trecut)
Negativ	I haven't finished · he hasn't seen
Interogativ	Have you finished? · Has she seen it?

Când îl folosim

Experiențe de viață, fără moment precizatI have been to London.
Acțiune trecută cu rezultat acumI've lost my keys (și nu le am acum).
Acțiune începută în trecut care continuă (since / for)We have lived here since 2015.
Acțiuni recente (just, already, yet)She has just left.

Cuvinte-cheie

everneverjustalreadyyetsinceforso farrecentlythis weekHow long...?

Nu folosi Present Perfect cu un moment terminat din trecut (yesterday, last year, ago, When...?). Acolo e Past Simple.

Past Perfect Simple mai mult ca perfectul

Exersează

Afirmativ	I had worked · she had gone (had + participiul trecut, la toate persoanele)
Negativ	I hadn't finished
Interogativ	Had you finished?

Când îl folosim

Acțiune terminată înaintea altei acțiuni din trecutWhen we arrived, the train had left.
Cu after / before / by the timeAfter he had finished, he went out.
Experiență până la un moment din trecutI had never flown before 2020.
Vorbirea indirectă (backshift)She said she had lost her phone.

Cuvinte-cheie

alreadyjustneverbeforeafterby the timewhenuntil

Ce s-a întâmplat ÎNTÂI → Past Perfect. Ce s-a întâmplat DUPĂ → Past Simple.

Present Perfect Continuous prezentul perfect continuu

Exersează

Afirmativ	I have been working · he has been working
Negativ	I haven't been sleeping · she hasn't been working
Interogativ	Have you been waiting? · How long has she been learning?

Când îl folosim

Acțiune începută în trecut care continuă și acum (accent pe durată)I have been waiting for an hour.
Activitate recentă cu urme vizibile acumYour eyes are red. Have you been crying?
Întrebări cu How long...?How long have you been learning English?

Cuvinte-cheie

forsinceHow long...?all dayall morninglatelyrecently

Simple = rezultat / câte („I've read three books”). Continuous = durată / activitate („I've been reading all day”). Verbele de stare rămân la simple: I've known her for years.

Past Perfect Continuous mai mult ca perfectul continuu

Exersează

Afirmativ	I had been working (had been + -ing, la toate persoanele)
Negativ	I hadn't been sleeping
Interogativ	Had you been waiting long?

Când îl folosim

Durata unei acțiuni până la un moment din trecutWe had been waiting for two hours when the bus arrived.
Cauza unei situații din trecutShe was tired because she had been working all day.

Cuvinte-cheie

forsinceHow long...?all daybeforewhenby the time

E Present Perfect Continuous „mutat” în trecut: have been working → had been working.